Archaeology in West Africa May Cause a Human Evolution, Research Rewrite

Archaeology in West Africa May Cause a Human Evolution, Research Rewrite AOC Sustainability

By Eleanor Scerri, Independent Group Leader, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History

Our species, Homo sapiens, rose in Africa some 300,000 years ago. The objects that early humans made and used, known as the Middle Stone Age material culture, are found throughout much of Africa and include a vast range of innovations.

Among them are bow and arrow technology, specialised tool forms, the long-distance transport of objects such as marine shells and obsidian, personal ornamentation, the use of pigments, water storage, and art. Although it is possible that other ancestors of modern humans contributed to this material culture in Africa, some of the earliest Middle Stone Age stone tools have been found with the oldest Homo sapiens fossils found so far.

The textbook view is that by around 40,000 years ago, the Middle Stone Age had largely ceased to exist in Africa. This was a milestone in the history of our species: the end of the first and longest lasting culture associated with humanity, and the foundation for all the subsequent innovations and material culture that defines us today.

Despite its central role in human history, we have little understanding of how the Middle Stone Age ended. Such an understanding could tell us how different groups were organised across the landscape, how they may have exchanged ideas and genes, and how these processes shaped the later stages of human evolution.

Unfortunately, vast swathes of Africa remain near complete blanks on the map when it comes to such deep prehistory, making it difficult to address these questions. Research has tended to focus on areas such as eastern Africa, where preservation is known to be high, understandably minimising risks and maximising gains. However, the emerging consensus that all of Africa played some role in human origins means that we can no longer afford to neglect vast regions of the continent if we want to reconstruct our evolution in a realistic framework.

For these reasons, my colleagues and I have been focusing on West Africa, one of the least well understood African regions for human evolution. And our recent work is validating earlier claims of a rich Middle Stone Age past.

Read on: Archaeology in West Africa May Cause a Human Evolution, Research Rewrite AOC Sustainability

580 Elephants Startle Conservationists with Return to DNC Virunga National Park

Elephants in Congo's Virunga National Park Bring Hope Gone for Decades AOC Sustainability

Virunga National Park, a 790,000-hectare (2-million-acre) stretch of land on the eastern border of the Democratic Republic of Congo, is known for its rich diversity of habitats and rare wildlife. The UNESCO World Heritage Site is Africa’s most biologically diverse protected area. It houses the last of the world’s endangered mountain gorillas and precious other species.

The Virunga National Park borders Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda and Rwenzori Mountains National Park and Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda. Wildlife migration among animals across national borders is common.

There used to be about 8,000 elephants roaming Virunga back in the 1950s, but they were greatly reduced. By the time Paul Allen’s Great Elephant Count came to the park in 2014, the team found only about 300. This devastating statistic declared elephants in Virunga National Park to be critically endangered.

In 2015 Save the Elephants helped put satellite collars on 15 of Virunga’s elephants. Over the course of three years, two of the elephants were illegally killed, but the other 13 moved across the border between Virunga and the Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda — a common migration event for the elehants.

What can be said with certainty is that for many reasons including decades of violence in the DRC, elephants have left the DR Congo, not migrated to it.

Imagine then the extraordinary event that was observed in late 2020, when hundreds of elephants — an estimated herd of 580 savanna elephants crossed over from Uganda’s Queen Elizabeth National Park into Virunga National Park.

It’s not clear yet if the elephants will stay in Virunga — which is not free from violence. In April 2020 12 Virunga Park rangers, a driver and four members of the local community were killed in a violent attack by a militia group. In January 2021, six park rangers patrolling on foot were ambushed and killed by armed assailants.

Conservationists speculate that the elephants may be responding to danger in Uganda not readily understood by local officials. No one knows what to expect, but conservationists are thrilled with this latest development. Read more about this blessed, possibly transformational event: Elephants in Congo's Virunga National Park Bring Hope Gone for Decades